今天为大家准备了CFA一级财务报表中的考点【财务报表的质量】内容，快来一起学习吧~
财务报表质量分级
据此对财务报表由高到低分为六级，列示如下：
Reporting is compliant with GAAP and decision useful;earnings are sustainable and adequate.
Reporting is compliant and decision useful,but earnings quality is low.
Reporting is compliant,but earnings quality is low and reporting choices and estimates are biased.
Reporting is compliant,but earnings are actively managed.
Reporting is not compliant,but the numbers presented are based on the company’s actual economic activities.
Reporting is not compliant and includes numbers that are fictitious or fraudulent.
19-1-1 Financial reports of the lowest level of quality reflect:
A.fictitious events.
B.biased accounting choices.
C.accounting that is non-compliant with GAAP.
答案：A
解析：财务报表的质量排序中，质量最差的即为Reporting is not compliant and includes numbers that are fictitious or fraudulent，即会计报表的编制不满足会计准则，数据是虚构的。
财务报表的风格
保守的财务处理是指倾向于压低利润和资产负债表中的数值。激进的财务处理是指倾向于虚高利润和资产负债表中的数值。
这里需要注意的是理想的财务报表风格为中立风格，既不是保守的会计处理，也不是激进的会计处理。
19-2-1 If a particular accounting choice is considered aggressive in nature,then the financial performance for the current period would most likely:
A.be neutral.
B.exhibit an upward bias.
C.exhibit a downward bias.
答案：B
解析：激进的会计处理会高估当期利润。
财务造假条件三角形
（1）Motivations（动机）
Pressure to meet or exceed earnings targets为达到利润目标
Career considerations管理层对自己的职业生涯考虑
Increasing their compensation管理层希望提升薪酬
Improving perceptions of the firm among customers and suppliers希望得到客户和供应商的认可
Meeting the terms of debt covenants达到债券合约中的要求
（2）Opportunities（机会）
Weak internal controls内部控制不健全
Inadequate oversight by the board of directors董事会的监管不到位
Wide ranges of acceptable accounting treatments可供选择的财务处理方法较多
（3）Rationalizations（借口）
19-3-1 Which of the following situations represents a motivation,rather than an opportunity,to issue low-quality financial reports?
A.Poor internal controls
B.Search for a personal bonus
C.Inattentive board of directors
答案：B
解析：选项A和选项C是财务造假的机会；选项B是财务造假的动机。
财务造假迹象
Revenue growth out of line with comparable firms,changes in revenue recognition methods,or lack of transparency about revenue recognition.利润增速远超可比公司，收入确认方法变更，收入的确认方法不透明
Decreases over time in turnover ratios (receivables, inventory,total asset).周转率指标下降
Bill-and-hold,barter,or related-party transactions.开单留置，以物易物，关联交易
Net income not supported by operating cash flows.利润与经营活动现金流不匹配
Capitalization decisions, depreciation methods, useful lives, salvage values out of line with comparable firms.费用资本化程度、折旧方法、资产预估寿命、资产残值与可比公司存在较大差异。
Fourth-quarter earnings patterns not caused by seasonality.四季度的收入变动并非季节性因素
Frequent appearance of nonrecurring items.经常出现非经营性项目
Emphasis on non-GAAP measures,minimal information and disclosure in financial reports.强调非会计准则指标，财务报表中公布的信息非常有限
19-4-1 Which of the following accounting actions would increase stockholders’equity in the current period?
A.Using LIFO rather than FIFO accounting for inventory in an inflationary environment.
B.Capitalizing,rather than expensing,a payment.
C.Increasing the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable.
答案：B
解析：A选项，LIFO下COGS高，NI低，Equity低；B选项，资本化在当年的费用比较低，所以NI高，Equity高；C选项，提高坏账准备会降低NI，所以Equity低。
19-4-2 A company is experiencing a period of strong financial performance.In order to increase the likelihood of exceeding analysts’earnings forecasts in the next reporting period,the company would most likely undertake accounting choices that:
A.inflate reported revenue in the current period.
B.delay expense recognition in the current period.
C.accelerate expense recognition in the current period.
答案：C
解析：由于题目中要求扩大下一期的利润，所以可以通过牺牲本期的利润来换取，即本期内加速费用的确认。
